Power Plant Operations Tied to Water Challenged by Changes in Climate

Washington Post
10 September 2012
By Juliet Eilperin

BOULDER CITY, Nev. -- Drought and rising temperatures are forcing water managers across the country to scramble for ways to produce the same amount of power from the hydroelectric grid with less water, including from behemoths such as the Hoover Dam.

Hydropower is not the only part of the nation's energy system that appears increasingly vulnerable to the impact of climate change, as low water levels affect coal-fired and nuclear power plants' operations and impede the passage of coal barges along the Mississippi River.

"We're trying to manage a changing climate, its impact on water supplies and our ability to generate power, all at once," said Michael Connor, commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, the Interior Department's water-management agency. Producing electricity accounts for at least 40 percent of water use in the United States.

Warmer and drier summers mean less water is available to cool nuclear and fossil-fuel power plants. The Millstone nuclear plant in Waterford, Conn., had to shut down one of its reactors in mid-August because the water it drew from the Long Island Sound was too warm to cool critical equipment outside the core. A twin-unit nuclear plant in Braidwood, Ill., needed to get special permission to continue operating this summer because the temperature in its cooling-water pond rose to 102 degrees, four degrees above its normal limit. Another Midwestern plant stopped operating temporarily because its water-intake pipes ended up on dry ground because of the prolonged drought.

Scott Burnell, a spokesman for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said the safety of America's nuclear plants "is not in jeopardy," because the sources of water cooling the core are self-contained and might have to shut down in some instances if water is either too warm or unavailable. "If water levels dropped to the point where you can't draw water into the condenser, you'd have to shut down the plant," he said.

The commission's new chairman, Allison Macfarlane, has asked her staff to look at "a broad array of natural events that could affect nuclear plant operations" in the future, such as climate change, Mr. Burnell added.

For more than three-quarters of a century, the Hoover Dam has represented an engineering triumph, harnessing the power of the mighty Colorado River to generate electricity for customers in not just nearby Las Vegas but as far away as Southern California and Mexico.

But the bleached volcanic rock ringing Black Canyon above Lake Mead, the reservoir created by the dam, speak to the limits of human engineering. Higher temperatures and less snowpack have reduced the river's flow and left the reservoir 103 feet below elevation for its full targeted storage capacity, which it last came close to reaching in 1999.

In the Colorado River's 100-year recorded history, 1999 to 2010 ranks as the second-driest 12-year period, yielding an average of 16 percent less energy.

Scientists have just begun to study some key questions, such as the rate of evaporation off dams' storage facilities. Predicting river flows -- which can flood one year and dry up the next -- is even harder.

"Because of the variability of river systems, it's a lot more difficult in modeling how climate change will affect them," said Jenny Kehl, who directs the Center for Water Policy at the University of Wisconsin at Madison's School of Freshwater Sciences.

In Nevada, water managers are adjusting to what they call "the new normal."

Since 2003, Patricia Mulroy, who oversees the operations of the Southern Nevada Water Authority, has imposed watering restrictions on golf courses and homeowners and increased water reuse from golf courses while also instituting an incentive program that to date has paid residents $200 million to pull out turf and replace it with water-efficient vegetation. Enough turf has been ripped out to lay a stripe of sod stretching three-fourths of the way across the planet; overall, she has reduced total water use by a third in 10 years. She has raised water rates four times in less than a decade while activating long-held water rights in east-central Nevada in 2004 to ensure that the community is less dependent on the Colorado River.

While some experts have suggested more ambitious measures, such as curtailing growth, making it harder for farmers to get cheap water and removing some dams to allow the Colorado River to regain some of its natural flow, federal, state and local authorities have resisted such proposals.